12 10 193 https://archive.englewoodmakeshistory.org/files/original/53c1a21464a3919757b31b7d5bfab498.jpg cd1cd1ee104c206993e95c3d8929d3b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1915-08-16 Birthplace Tyro, Mississippi, USA Death Date 2001-04-24 Occupation Singer Source of File Attached “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hibbler">Al Hibbler</a>.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 May 2024. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hibbler, Albert George (1915-2001) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Al Hibbler." The Guardian, 28 Apr. 2001, p.22. “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hibbler">Al Hibbler</a>.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 May 2024. <div></div> Subject The topic of the resource Music, R&B Description An account of the resource Albert George Hibbler was a singer. He sang pop music, R&B, and jazz. Hibbler was born blind. He began his career with Dub Jenkins and his Playmates. He later worked with Jay McHann and then Duke Ellington's orchestra. He won the Esquire New Star Award as best male singer in 1947. He recorded with numerous artists including Johnny Hodges and Count Basie. He also was involved with numerous record labels including Mercury and Norgran. Hibbler was also a civil rights activist. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Music Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1925-10-16 Birthplace Fayetteville, Georgia, USA Death Date 2016-06-19 Occupation Social Worker Source of File Attached “<a href="http://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/atlanta/name/mary-vismale-obituary?id=22636471">Mary Vismale Obituary (1925 - 2016) - Atlanta, GA - Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>.” Legacy.Com, Legacy, 22 June 2016. <div></div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vismale, Mary Lowe Jones (1925-2016) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “<a href="http://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/atlanta/name/mary-vismale-obituary?id=22636471">Mary Vismale Obituary (1925 - 2016) - Atlanta, GA - Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>.” Legacy.Com, Legacy, 22 June 2016. <div></div> Subject The topic of the resource Social Services Description An account of the resource Mary Lowe Jones Vismale was a social worker. She attended Booker T. Washington High School and graduated from Spelman College in 1947 and Atlanta University in 1950. She earned a master's in Social Work. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Social Work Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Occupation Businessman Spiritual Leader Source of File Attached "Gross Seated By Synagogue." The Record, 28 June 1962, p. S-1. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gross, Myron (?-?) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Gross Seated Ad Head Of Synagogue." The Record, 22 June 1962, p. 13. Subject The topic of the resource Religion, Judaism Description An account of the resource Myron Gross was a spiritual leader and businessman. He was a member of the Congregation Ahavath Torah. He was the vice president of the Pioneer Paper Company of North Bergen Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Religion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1885? Birthplace Russia Death Date 1962-11-05 Occupation Spiritual Leader Source of File Attached "Elders Lauded By Rabbi Gold." The Record, 2 Mar. 1951, p. 10. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Goldberg, Nathan (1885?-1962) Description An account of the resource Nathan Goldberg was a spiritual leader. He lived in Englewood for fifty-two years. He was one of the founders of the Congregation Ahavath Torah. He had a wife, Frieda. He had four children, Edna Grusky, Lillian Dorf, Molly Khan, and Louis. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Elders Lauded By Rabbi Gold." The Record, 2 Mar. 1951, p. 10. "Nathan Goldberg Succumbs at 77." The Record, 6 Nov. 1962, p. 32. Subject The topic of the resource Religion, Judaism Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Religion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1873? Death Date 1955-04-09 Occupation Spiritual Leader Source of File Attached "Mrs. M. Lebson is Dead at 82." The Record, 11 Apr. 1955, p. 4. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lebson, Bessie (1873?-1955) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Mrs. M. Lebson is Dead at 82." The Record, 11 Apr. 1955, p. 4. Subject The topic of the resource Religion, Judaism Description An account of the resource Bessie Lebson was a religious activist. She was one of the founders of the Congregation Ahavath Torah. She lived in Englewood for over fifty years and married Michael Lebson. She had five sons, Jacob M., Samuel, Abram A., Dr. Isadore W., and David. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Religion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1889-05-02 Birthplace Szczucztn, Poland Death Date 1956-04-08 Occupation Spiritual Leader Source of File Attached “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Gold">Wolf Gold</a>.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2024. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Krawczynski, Zev "Wolf Gold" (1889-1956) Gold, Ze'ev Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Gold">Wolf Gold</a>.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2024. <div></div> "<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/126241252/wolf-gold">Rabbi Wolf Gold</a>." Find A Grave. "Rabbi Wolf Gold Dies In Tel Aviv." The Record, 10 Apr. 1956. Subject The topic of the resource Religion, Judaism Holocaust Activism, Religious 1948 Arab-Israeli War Politics, Global Description An account of the resource <div style="text-align:left;">Wolf Gold born Zev Krawczynski was a spiritual leader. He studied at Mir yeshiva and Lida at Yeshiva Torah Vo'Da'as. He was ordained at seventeen and moved to the United States a year later. He served at multiple synagogues across the United States. He founded the Williamsburg Talmud Torah and the Yeshiva Torah Vodaas. He also started the Beth Moshe Hospital in Brooklyn. He was a co-founder of the Mizrachi Organization of America. In 1935 he emigrated to Palestine to head the Department of Torah Education and Culture in the Diaspora. During World War II he was a member of the zionist movement opposing the White Paper of 1939, a British policy calling for the establishment of a Jewish state in independent Palestine and limiting Jewish immigration. He served as vice president of the Provisional State Council and signed the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. He had three children Naomi, Moshe M., and Shulamith Gold Nodel. </div> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Politics Religion Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1913-02-22 Death Date 1956-09-22 Occupation Spiritual Leader Source of File Attached Marshall, Lois Leaver. "Life in Death." The Record, 17 Jan. 1953, p.5. Birthplace Brooklyn, New York, USA Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gold, Moshe (1913?-1956) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Install Rabbi Moshe Gold As Torah Spiritual Leader." The Record, 22 Nov. 1949, p. 14. "Burial in Israel." The Record, 25 Sep. 1956, p.4. Marshall, Lois Leaver. "Life in Death." The Record, 17 Jan. 1953, p.5. "<a href="https://www.geni.com/people/Rabbi-Moshe-Gold/6000000000134256821">Rabbi Moshe M. Gold</a>." Geni. "Rabbi Wolf Gold Dies In Tel Aviv." The Record, 10 Apr. 1956. Subject The topic of the resource Religion, Judaism Description An account of the resource Moshe Gold was a spiritual leader. He was the Rabbi at Ahavath Torah for seven years until his passing. His father was Zev "Wold Gold" Krawczynski. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Religion https://archive.englewoodmakeshistory.org/files/original/fc85217777c724dadb63d413b0854c63.png 6e50f41499e749ab8587f2cb3975e4e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1929-01-15 Birthplace Atlanta, Georgia, USA Death Date 1968-04-04 Occupation Spiritual Leader Activist, Civil Rights Source of File Attached "Segregation on Its Deathbed, Dr. King Declares in Address." The Record, 25 May 1957, p.25. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource King, Martin Luther Jr. (1929-1968) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Nobel Foundation <div></div> Subject The topic of the resource Activism, African American Activism, Civil Rights Civil Rights Movement Description An account of the resource Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and one of the most influential leaders of the modern civil rights movement. His national leadership began in December 1955 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott and continued until his assassination in April 1968. King is best known for advocating nonviolent resistance as a strategy to challenge racial segregation and injustice. Among his most significant contributions were his leadership in the March on Washington in 1963, the Selma to Montgomery marches, and his powerful writings and speeches, including “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” and “I Have a Dream.” In 1964, he became the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. King married Coretta Scott in 1953, and together they had four children: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, and Bernice. In May 1957, during the early years of his rise to national prominence, King visited Englewood, New Jersey, where he spoke at a public forum sponsored by the Englewood Urban League. This appearance was especially significant because it marked one of King’s earliest visits to Northern New Jersey, bringing the message of the Southern civil rights struggle directly into a northern community that often viewed segregation as a Southern problem. Speaking before a crowd of more than 700 people at Dwight Morrow High School, King declared that segregation was “on its deathbed,” while also warning that racism persisted in more subtle forms in the North. His Englewood address challenged local audiences to recognize their own responsibility in the fight for racial justice and underscored the national scope of the civil rights movement. The visit helped galvanize local civil rights activism and linked Englewood’s struggles over housing, education, and equality to the broader movement unfolding across the United States. “Leader of Boycott Will Speak May 23.” The Record (Hackensack, NJ), April 24, 1957, p. 35. “Segregation on Its Deathbed, Dr. King Declares in Address.” The Record (Hackensack, NJ), May 24, 1957, p. 25. <div class="resource-meta media-object-section"> <div class="description full">Partly written by OpenAI. (2026, February, 1). ChatGPT (GPT-5.2.) [Large Language Model] https://chat.openai.com/chat.</div> </div> <div class="resource-meta media-object-section"></div> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ludder, Rachelle Colman, David Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available wikipedia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 African American Civil Rights Religion https://archive.englewoodmakeshistory.org/files/original/fb98af549cb3402794b15c5bdae21314.png aadefd37401cf535d62eb731e8178937 https://archive.englewoodmakeshistory.org/files/original/e4fcf296cfe5873038d95a387328df35.jpg 142b2ef822775599e86ca614c11ff3aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1900-01-24 Birthplace Englewood, New Jersey, USA Death Date 1970-09-11 Occupation Historian Author Educator Journalist Source of File Attached "<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/226636751/foster-rhea-dulles?_gl=1*8lzvqy*_gcl_aw*R0NMLjE3MjQxOTIyNTMuQ2p3S0NBandfWkMyQmhBUUVpd0FYU2dDbHRwM2VkWWtzOEJMOWlTX0k2eVE4eWE3VXExVlplUzVkYXRUN2dMSkl0d21CalJ3bGVqOGVob0N0S0FRQXZEX0J3RQ..*_gcl_dc*R0NMLjE3MjQxOTIyNTMuQ2p3S0NBandfWkMyQmhBUUVpd0FYU2dDbHRwM2VkWWtzOEJMOWlTX0k2eVE4eWE3VXExVlplUzVkYXRUN2dMSkl0d21CalJ3bGVqOGVob0N0S0FRQXZEX0J3RQ..*_gcl_au*MTI5NjY1NDIyNS4xNzE4OTE1Nzcw*_ga*MTk2ODY2MDA3NS4xNzEwNzk0ODY1*_ga_4QT8FMEX30*ZmE3MjIwNGQtYzUxOC00MWZkLWEwY2ItMmI5N2ZkMDlmODkyLjUwLjEuMTcyNDk1MTQ2OC4yNy4wLjA.*_ga_LMK6K2LSJH*ZmE3MjIwNGQtYzUxOC00MWZkLWEwY2ItMmI5N2ZkMDlmODkyLjUwLjEuMTcyNDk1MTQ2OC4wLjAuMA..">Dr. Foster Rhea Dulles</a>." Find A Grave. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dulles, Foster Rhea (1900-1970) Subject The topic of the resource United States Foreign Relations Universities Writing Description An account of the resource Foster Rhea Dulles was an educator, historian, and author. He was born in Englewood and graduated from Princeton University in 1921. He wrote for numerous newspapers including the New York Herald, the New York Herald Tribune, and the New York Evening Post. He taught as a visiting professor at Bennington College, Smith College, and Swarthmore College in the 1930s. He earned a PhD from Columbia University. He became a professor and worked at the history department of Ohio State University from 1941 to 1955. He was also a member of the U.S. Cultural mission to Moscow in 1958. He was a Fullbright lecturer at the University of Tokyo from 1961 to 1962. He wrote numerous books about American and British relations with Asia in the late 19th to 20th centuries. He married Marion Richardson on August 7, 1926. He had four daughters, Mrs. John B. Waller, Mrs. Benjamin R. Weems, Mrs. Howard C. Taylor, and Lynn. His father was William Dulles. His brother was Allen Dulles. His cousin was Edith Dulles Snare. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Educator-Writer Foster R. Dulles Dies at Age 70." Albuquerque Journal, 13 Sep. 1970, p. E-12. "Foster Rhea Dulles, Retired Historian, 70." The Miami Herald, 13 Sep. 1970, p.14B. “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Rhea_Dulles">Foster Rhea Dulles</a>.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Aug. 2024. <div></div> "<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/226636751/foster-rhea-dulles?_gl=1*8lzvqy*_gcl_aw*R0NMLjE3MjQxOTIyNTMuQ2p3S0NBandfWkMyQmhBUUVpd0FYU2dDbHRwM2VkWWtzOEJMOWlTX0k2eVE4eWE3VXExVlplUzVkYXRUN2dMSkl0d21CalJ3bGVqOGVob0N0S0FRQXZEX0J3RQ..*_gcl_dc*R0NMLjE3MjQxOTIyNTMuQ2p3S0NBandfWkMyQmhBUUVpd0FYU2dDbHRwM2VkWWtzOEJMOWlTX0k2eVE4eWE3VXExVlplUzVkYXRUN2dMSkl0d21CalJ3bGVqOGVob0N0S0FRQXZEX0J3RQ..*_gcl_au*MTI5NjY1NDIyNS4xNzE4OTE1Nzcw*_ga*MTk2ODY2MDA3NS4xNzEwNzk0ODY1*_ga_4QT8FMEX30*ZmE3MjIwNGQtYzUxOC00MWZkLWEwY2ItMmI5N2ZkMDlmODkyLjUwLjEuMTcyNDk1MTQ2OC4yNy4wLjA.*_ga_LMK6K2LSJH*ZmE3MjIwNGQtYzUxOC00MWZkLWEwY2ItMmI5N2ZkMDlmODkyLjUwLjEuMTcyNDk1MTQ2OC4wLjAuMA..">Dr. Foster Rhea Dulles</a>." Find A Grave. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Education History Journalism Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1927-07-04 Birthplace New York, New York, USA Death Date 2022-12-11 Occupation Accountant Businessman Activist, Civil Rights Source of File Attached "Agency Director." The Record, 22 Sept. 1955, p.4. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Vismale, Calvin Ferdinand, Sr. (1927-2022) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Agency Director." The Record, 22 Sept. 1955, p.4. “<a href="http://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/26625491/calvin-ferdinand-vismale-sr">Obituaries</a>.” Obituary - 2022 - Dortch-Williamson Funeral & Cremation Services. <div></div> Description An account of the resource Calvin Ferdinand Vismale was a business administrator, civil rights advocate, and church leader whose work placed him at the center of Englewood, New Jersey’s civic and cultural life during the 1950s. Through his leadership in finance, education debates, religious institutions, and civil rights organizations, Vismale helped shape the city’s response to postwar racial, social, and cultural change. A native of New York City, Vismale studied at the New York City College School of Business Administration, earning a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in 1950. His education followed military service with U.S. occupation forces in Germany from 1946 to 1947. He entered the insurance industry soon after graduation and advanced rapidly. In 1955, he was appointed Agency Director of United Mutual Life Insurance Company, then the largest Black-owned insurance firm in the United States, placing him in charge of directing major sales operations in New York. He later became one of the first African Americans to be installed as a Chartered Life Underwriter, a distinction that marked a significant breakthrough in a profession that had long excluded Black executives. Vismale’s professional success was closely tied to his civil rights commitments. He was active in both the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Urban League, and he frequently represented these networks in local public discussions. In May 1957, acting on behalf of the Urban League, Vismale helped organize sponsorships for the appearance of Martin Luther King Jr. in Englewood, where King participated in a community forum at Engle Street Junior High School. The effort reflected Vismale’s role as a bridge between national civil rights leadership and local civic institutions. Education policy was another arena in which Vismale’s activism was visible. In April 1957, he addressed a Lincoln School PTA meeting during a heated debate over Englewood’s junior high school plans. Vismale supported the Board of Education’s proposal to construct a single, centralized junior high school at Tryon Avenue and Liberty Road, expressing concern that a two-school model could lead to racial separation. His remarks followed broader community discussion in which some parents warned that building two junior high schools would likely result in one becoming segregated. At the same time, civic reform groups—including the Citizens Committee for Public Education and the League of Women Voters—opposed the single-school plan and instead endorsed an Ohio State University study recommending two junior high schools. Vismale emphasized that his position reflected his personal judgment, not an official stance of the NAACP or the Urban League, illustrating the careful balance he maintained between organizational affiliation and independent civic leadership. Vismale and his wife, Mary, were also deeply involved in the life of Galilee Methodist Church, where both served as active members and leaders during a major period of rebuilding. As part of the church’s fundraising and cultural outreach, Vismale helped organize large public benefit programs that drew wide audiences. Among the most significant was a 1956 African music and dance fundraiser for the church’s building fund, which he helped originate and coordinate. That event introduced Englewood audiences to Babatunde Olatunji, who was living in Englewood at the time and training local youth in African drumming and dance. The program presented traditional West African ceremonial and ritual dances and marked one of the earliest public showcases of African performance culture in the region. Englewood proved to be an important early platform in Olatunji’s American career, and Vismale’s leadership was instrumental in connecting African cultural expression to Black church life and community education. Calvin Ferdinand Vismale was married to Mary and was the father of at least three children: Calvin F. Vismale Jr., Terri Renee Vismale-Morris, and Tess Marie. Through his work in business, civil rights organizing, education policy debates, and cultural programming, Vismale exemplified a generation of Black middle-class leadership that shaped Englewood’s civic identity during the mid-twentieth century—linking local institutions to national movements and global Black culture. 1. Woman’s Society / Mrs. Vismale speaking at Galilee Methodist Church The Record (Hackensack, NJ), November 13, 1959, p. 35. “Woman’s Society to Conduct Rite.” 2. Junior High School debate / PTA meeting / Vismale supports single school at Tryon & Liberty The Record (Hackensack, NJ), April 30, 1957, p. 25. “School Plans Discussed at P-T-A Meeting.” 3. Galilee Methodist Church benefit / cultural programming / Olatunji performance The Record (Hackensack, NJ), June 10, 1959, p. 5. “Church Benefit Draws Crowd to Top-Talent Entertainment.” 4. Appointment as Agency Director, United Mutual Life Insurance The Record (Hackensack, NJ), September 22, 1955, p. 4. “Agency Director.” 5. African ritual dances / Galilee building fund / Olatunji living in Englewood Daily News (New York), June 3, 1956, p. 724. “African Ritual Dances to Aid Building Fund.” 6. Sponsorship drive for Martin Luther King Jr. appearance in Englewood The Record (Hackensack, NJ), May 2, 1957, p. 29. “Sponsors Sought for King Address.” <div class="resource-meta media-object-section"> <div class="description full">Partly written by OpenAI. (2026, February, 1). ChatGPT (GPT-5.2.) [Large Language Model] https://chat.openai.com/chat.</div> </div> <div class="resource-meta media-object-section"></div> Subject The topic of the resource Businesses, African-American Activism, Civil Rights Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ludder, Rachelle Colman, David Business Businesses Civil Rights