7 10 193 https://archive.englewoodmakeshistory.org/files/original/f69d7db2c88e4e9e31edef4902cbcec8.jpg 1c454bc1182fc520eac0e2d9731d38ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1920-12-13 Birthplace New York, New York, USA Death Date 2021-02-06 Occupation Politician Government Official Businessman Economist Source of File Attached “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz">George Shultz</a>.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 July 2024. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shultz, George Pratt (1920-2021) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <div>U.S. Department of State</div> Subject The topic of the resource Politics, Federal Finances, Federal Veterans Foreign Relations Finances, Global Description An account of the resource George Pratt Shultz was an economist and businessman. He served in numerous government positions including cabinet. While born in New York, he grew up in Englewood, New Jersey, where he attended the Englewood School for Boys now known as Dwight Englewood. Shultz graduated from Princeton and served in the Marine Corps during World War II. He gained a PhD from MIT. He taught in between his time in government positions at the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business and Stanford University. Throughout his career, he served on Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers in 1955, was the Secretary of Labor under Richard Nixon in 1969, was the first director of the Office of Management and Budget in 1970, and served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1972. He became an executive of Betchel after his treasury position. Under Ronald Reagan, he served as Secretary of the State and guided U.S. foreign policy. He made efforts to lower tensions in the Middle East with the war in Lebanon, negotiate with the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union amid the Cold War, solve trade issues with Japan, and deal with rising tensions between the United States and countries in Latin America. Shultz urged for communication and efforts to diffuse tense foreign relationships. His efforts, while not always succeeding, helped the start of the end of the Cold War. “<a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/shultz-george-pratt">Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–2021)</a>.” U.S. Department of State. <div>“<a href="http://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz">George P. Shultz.</a>” Hoover Institution. “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz">George Shultz</a>.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 July 2024. </div> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available wikipedia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 16, Finances Government Politics https://archive.englewoodmakeshistory.org/files/original/8157e94539818360fea957da7fbedeb3.png 1d304cfeba53f4dc415f1b2ac3bd0453 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1903-04-17 Death Date 1982-10-05 Occupation Funeral Home Director Source of File Attached Photograph, Cheryl Ann Birthplace Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bullock, Charles Harmon Jr. (1903-1982) Description An account of the resource The following is a description of Charles H. Bullock written by his granddaughter Cheryl Ann. "My grandfather Charles H. Bullock Jr. was born in 1903 in Charlottesville Virginia. He was the second to oldest of six children. His father Charles Sr. was Secretary of the Carlton Avenue YMCA in Brooklyn New York at the time of his birth and wife Lottie remained in Virginia raising their family. It wasn’t until about 1907 did the family move to Louisville Kentucky where Charles Sr. was called to serve as Secretary of the colored YMCA there. By 1916 the family had moved again to Montclair New Jersey, where Charles Sr. would be called to open a new modern building on Washington Street. Charles Jr. graduated from Montclair High School and would go on to attend and graduate from Hampton Institute. Seeking to secure his future, he interned for Mr. Holcombe and became a funeral director. After meeting and marrying Edna Everett of Hackensack he opened Bullock Funeral Home there as well as in Englewood New Jersey." Bullock married Edna Everett in 1935. He married Eleanor M. Coleman in August 1956. He had two children, Charles III and Eleanor Leake. "Charles Harmon Bullock Jr in the U.S., World War II Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947." Ancestry. "Charles Bullock in the New Jersey, U.S., Marriage Index, 1901-2016." Ancestry. "C. Bullock Jr., funeral home owner, director." The Record, 10 Oct. 1982, p.C-26. Partly written by OpenAI. (2026, January, 28). ChatGPT (GPT-5.2.) [Large Language Model] https://chat.openai.com/chat Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Death Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1882? Death Date 1992-09-11 Occupation Civic Leader Domestic Worker Source of File Attached Lauer, Evelyn. "Almost a century of giving to others." The Record, 15 Aug. 1990, p.NV-2. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Davis, Maria Cheney (1882?-1992) Subject The topic of the resource Activism, Social Welfare Health Care Description An account of the resource Maria Cheney Davis was one of Englewood’s most enduring community builders. Over the course of nearly half a century, she helped shape the city’s Black civic life through health advocacy, volunteer leadership, youth mentorship, and sustained service to Englewood Hospital and local institutions. Davis was best known as the founder and longtime president of the Dr. William F. Willoughby Auxiliary at Englewood Hospital. Established in 1953 to honor the hospital’s first Black physician, Dr. William F. Willoughby, the auxiliary became a vital fundraising and service organization at a time when African Americans were often excluded from formal hospital leadership. Under Davis’s guidance, the group raised thousands of dollars to support hospital facilities and patient care, including furnishing and maintaining the Dr. Willoughby Room, contributing equipment, and later supporting additional service spaces within the hospital. Her leadership style emphasized continuity and intergenerational responsibility. Recognizing the importance of passing civic values forward, Davis helped inspire the creation of a Junior Auxiliary, composed of daughters and granddaughters of senior members. Through garden parties, community events, and hands-on service, young members learned philanthropy by example—an approach that ensured the auxiliary’s mission would endure beyond its founders. Beyond the hospital, Davis was deeply involved in Englewood’s civic and social organizations. She was active in the Urban League of Bergen County, the Leonard Johnson Day Nursery, and several women’s professional and civic groups serving Black residents in Englewood and Teaneck. Her service bridged faith, politics, and community life: she was a longtime member of Galilee United Methodist Church, participated in church guild work, and also served as a Republican committeewoman in Englewood. In recognition of her decades of service, Davis received numerous honors, including an Urban League community service award in her nineties. Even in advanced age, she remained publicly engaged, continuing to raise funds and attend community events well into her late 90s. When Maria Cheney Davis died at the age of 100, tributes emphasized not only her longevity, but the infrastructure of care and service she helped build. Her legacy lives on in Englewood’s medical, civic, and faith institutions—and in the generations of young people who learned public service by following her example. Davis was also Leroy McCloud's mother-in-law. Lauer, Evelyn. "Almost a century of giving to others." The Record, 15 Aug. 1990, p.NV-2. "Young Auxilians Follow Elders' Example." The Record, February 23, 1971. "Maria Cheney Davis, 100." The Record, September 13, 1992. "Urban League Salutes 3." The Record, May 16, 1987. "Maria Cheney Davis." The Record, 13 Sept. 1992, p. 22. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Activism Community Work Health Social Work Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1894 Birthplace Apalachee, Georgia, USA Death Date 1966-01-10 Occupation Civic Leader Source of File Attached "Burge U. Davis of Englewood Is Dead At 71." The Record, 11 Jan. 1966, p.37. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Davis, Burge Upshaw (1894-1966) Subject The topic of the resource Sports, Baseball Description An account of the resource Burge Upshaw Davis (1894–1966) was a longtime Englewood, New Jersey resident whose life blended family devotion, church leadership, and sustained commitment to youth and community life. Born in Apalachee, Georgia, in 1894, Davis moved north during the Great Migration and settled in Englewood in 1924, making the city his home for more than four decades. Davis was a devoted member of Galilee Methodist Church, where he was widely respected for his steady presence and service. His connection to the church extended beyond worship: after his death, his family and friends donated an illuminated outdoor sign in his memory, a public marker of the esteem in which he was held by the congregation and neighborhood. Perhaps Davis’s most enduring legacy was his work with young people. For 15 years, he financed and supported local sandlot and youth baseball, most notably the Englewood Cubs, helping provide opportunities, equipment, and structure for generations of young athletes in Englewood and Bergen County. He also assisted in organizing the baseball team of American Legion Post 58, further underscoring his belief in sports as a vehicle for discipline, mentorship, and community pride. In 1912, Davis married Marie Cheyney of Farmington, Georgia. The couple raised a large family and became well known locally. In 1962, they celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary with a renewal of vows at Galilee Methodist Church, an event attended by hundreds of friends, relatives, civic leaders, and city dignitaries, reflecting their deep roots in Englewood’s social and religious life. Burge Upshaw Davis died at his home at 167 William Street in 1966 at the age of 71. His funeral was held at Galilee Methodist Church, with burial in Brookside Cemetery in Englewood. Remembered as a quiet but steadfast community builder, Davis left behind a legacy defined less by titles than by decades of service—particularly to the city’s youth, its churches, and its families. Davis was also Leroy McCloud's father-in-law. "Burge U. Davis of Englewood Is Dead At 71." The Record, 11 Jan. 1966, p.37. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Sports Youth Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1929-10-18 Birthplace Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Death Date 2007-06-24 Occupation Politician Government Official Activist, Civil Rights Source of File Attached “<a href="https://https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Baer">Byron Baer</a>” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 June 2024. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Baer, Byron Mark (1929-2007) Subject The topic of the resource Politics, Federal Politics, State Civil Rights Movement, Freedom Rides Description An account of the resource <div class="text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)"> <div class="[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn"> <div class="flex max-w-full flex-col grow"> <div class="min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&]:mt-1"> <div class="flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]"> <div class="markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling"> Byron M. Baer (October 18, 1929 – June 24, 2007) was a civil rights activist, community organizer, and longtime Democratic legislator whose public life was deeply rooted in Englewood, New Jersey. Long before he became one of the state’s most influential champions of open government, Baer built his reputation locally—as an agitator for racial justice, a relentless advocate for fair housing, and a bridge-builder during one of Englewood’s most turbulent eras. Baer moved to Englewood in the late 1950s after leaving a crowded New York City apartment in search of a better environment for his family. He and his wife Laura settled in the city with their young son, arriving at a moment when Englewood—like many northern communities—was grappling with segregation in schools, housing, and municipal services. Though he initially viewed civil rights issues as problems affecting other places, particularly Europe’s recent past, the rising national movement of the early 1960s transformed his outlook. Reflecting later on that period, Baer acknowledged that the Freedom Rides of 1961—and the violence that accompanied them—forced him to confront what he described as a citizen’s responsibility to act against injustice. During the early 1960s, Baer emerged as a visible leader in the Englewood chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). He organized protests, sit-ins, and demonstrations challenging discriminatory practices locally and across Bergen County. These actions targeted school segregation, exclusionary housing policies, and unequal municipal services—issues that revealed the persistence of racial inequality in northern suburban life. Newspaper accounts from the period consistently placed Baer at the center of these efforts: leading delegations, confronting school boards and city officials, and helping coordinate interracial coalitions. His activism extended beyond New Jersey in 1961, when he volunteered to join one of the Freedom Rides traveling from New York City to Jackson, Mississippi. There, after deliberately entering segregated waiting rooms to challenge discriminatory practices, Baer and his fellow activists were arrested and charged with breach of the peace. He ultimately spent approximately forty-five days in Mississippi’s Parchman State Prison, an experience he later described as both harsh and transformative. Conditions inside Parchman were severe. Prisoners endured intense heat during the day and freezing ventilation at night, were denied regular exercise, and survived largely on starch-heavy meals occasionally supplemented by pork fat. Yet the prison also became, in Baer’s words, a place for reflection. He later recalled that isolation gave him time to think deeply about issues of equality and justice, strengthening his resolve to devote his life to defending human dignity. During his confinement, he improvised ways to pass time—fashioning chess pieces from bread and playing games scratched onto the floor—small acts that reflected resilience under pressure. For Baer, the experience at Parchman reinforced a belief that civil rights struggles were not confined to the South but were deeply embedded in northern communities as well. He returned to New Jersey with renewed determination, convinced that the most meaningful battles for equality would occur not in distant states, but in the neighborhoods where families lived and children attended school. Englewood, he believed, would be the place where those struggles were tested. By the mid-1960s, Baer’s activism began to merge with formal political engagement. In 1965, local attorney Arnold Brown asked him to serve as his campaign manager during a pivotal political contest in Englewood. When Brown was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly, Baer became his legislative aide, helping draft an ambitious slate of bills aimed at strengthening protections for tenants and vulnerable residents. Among the legislation they introduced was the New Jersey Relocation Assistance Law, which required municipalities to ensure that displaced tenants had access to adequate housing before eviction—a reform that Baer later described as one of his proudest achievements. Baer’s work also shaped local politics directly. After the Democratic victory in Englewood’s 1967 municipal elections—the first such victory in decades—he was appointed housing secretary to the mayor. In this role, he helped guide programs aimed at improving housing conditions, addressing overcrowding, and integrating neighborhoods. His appointment generated controversy among political opponents, who accused city officials of creating a position specifically for him. Supporters countered that his extensive experience and years of unpaid activism made him uniquely qualified to translate civil rights demands into municipal policy. Throughout the late 1960s, Baer chaired housing task forces, served on advisory committees, and participated in planning initiatives that connected federal urban renewal programs to local needs. These efforts reflected his growing conviction that protest alone could not achieve lasting change. Policy, transparency, and public participation were equally essential tools in the struggle for equality. Baer carried Englewood’s lessons into a legislative career spanning more than three decades. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1972 to 1994 and in the New Jersey Senate from 1994 to 2005, representing a district anchored in eastern Bergen County. His signature achievement—the Open Public Meetings Act, later renamed in his honor—embodied the same philosophy that guided his early activism: democracy functions best when government operates openly and citizens have access to information. He also sponsored landmark legislation establishing New Jersey’s Office of the Child Advocate, strengthening identity-theft protections, and improving labor conditions for vulnerable workers. His commitment to workers’ rights was reinforced by a violent incident in 1974, when he was assaulted during an inspection of a migrant workers’ camp and suffered multiple fractures to his arm—an episode that underscored the risks he was willing to face in pursuit of justice. In Englewood, Baer was remembered less as a polished politician than as a moral presence—someone willing to be arrested, challenged, or physically harmed in pursuit of fairness. Those who worked alongside him often described him as principled, persistent, and deeply humane. Even after decades in state government, he remained closely tied to the local struggles that shaped his political conscience. Baer died in 2007 at age 77, but his imprint on Englewood endures—in integrated schools, in fair-housing reforms that reshaped neighborhoods, and in a civic culture transformed by the insistence that democracy must be transparent, participatory, and just. For Baer, the defining battles of civil rights were never abstract or distant. As he once reflected, the greatest challenge was not elsewhere—it was at home. "Baer Named Mayor's Secretary Over Protest of Republicans." The Record, June 5, 1968. "Baer Naming Due Tonight." The Record, June 4, 1968. "Interracial Group From Bergen With Baltimore Demonstrators." The Record, December 4, 1961. "The man with the golden arm." The Record, July 18, 1974. "Lawmaker remembered as advocate, gentelman." The Central New Jersey Home News, July 3, 2007. Sherry, Frank and Eric Hartell. "Dozens Sleep In City Hall." The Record, 2 Feb. 1962. "N.J. legislator Byron Baer, 77." Newsday, 25 June 2007, p.32. “<a href="https://https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Baer">Byron Baer</a>” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 June 2024. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Activism Politics Race https://archive.englewoodmakeshistory.org/files/original/0b2d34280c1279b53f9c384d35401d6f.jpg d7d45483c8fef6889b47274108c6528f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1918-12-28 Birthplace Englewood, New Jersey, USA Death Date 2010-09-18 Occupation Politician Source of File Attached "Volk Sworn As Mayor; Cites Centennial Theme." The Record, 1 Jan. 1960, p.5. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volk, Austin N. (1918-2010) Subject The topic of the resource Veterans Politics, Englewood Description An account of the resource Austin Nicholas Volk (December 28, 1918 – September 18, 2010) was a New Jersey businessman, naval officer, and Republican public official whose career bridged local government, state politics, and military service during some of the most turbulent decades of the twentieth century. Born at Englewood Hospital, Volk was raised in Englewood and graduated from Dwight Morrow High School in 1937. He went on to attend Brown University, where he joined the Naval ROTC program and was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. His military path soon became central to his life. During World War II, Volk served in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, taking part in the Guadalcanal campaign as a landing-craft commander. While stationed in the Solomon Islands, he was credited with identifying and naming the Brown Bear River in honor of his alma mater. He later returned to active duty during the Korean War, serving in logistics command roles, and ultimately retired from the Naval Reserve in 1965 with the rank of captain. Between periods of military service, Volk worked in his family’s insurance firm, Nicholas Volk and Co., based in New York City, eventually becoming the owner of the business. His civilian career was closely tied to public service in Englewood. Volk was elected mayor in 1959 and served two nonconsecutive terms (1960–1963 and 1966–1970), years marked by significant social change. During his first term, Englewood’s public schools were ordered to desegregate, placing the city squarely within the broader civil-rights struggles reshaping suburban New Jersey. Volk’s second term coincided with heightened racial tensions across the state. In the summer of 1967, shortly after the Newark uprising, unrest broke out in Englewood’s Fourth Ward, a predominantly Black neighborhood where residents had long raised concerns about housing conditions and unequal treatment. Volk combined a heavy law-enforcement response with direct engagement, meeting with ministers and community leaders, pledging urban renewal efforts, and establishing a community relations committee aimed at easing tensions and expanding school integration. His leadership during this period drew mixed reactions: some residents credited him with restoring order, while others—including prominent African American political leaders—argued that his approach relied too heavily on police power and reflected a commitment to maintaining the status quo. After losing a reelection bid in 1967, Volk shifted his focus to state politics. He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1970, representing the 37th Legislative District, and served two terms. Following his legislative career, he gradually withdrew from public life, remaining active in business until his retirement. In his personal life, Volk married Rae P. Glidden in 1979; she was the widow of a former Englewood City Council president. The couple lived between New Jersey and Southampton, New York, where Volk spent many summers. He died in Southampton in 2010 at the age of 91 and was laid to rest in Englewood’s Brookside Cemetery. Taken together, Volk’s life reflects the trajectory of a mid-century suburban Republican leader—shaped by wartime service, committed to civic order, and tested by the social upheavals of the 1960s—whose legacy remains closely intertwined with Englewood’s local history. "Volk Sworn As Mayor; Cites Centennial Theme." The Record, 1 Jan. 1960, p.5. Levin, Jay. "Ex-Englewood Mayor Austin Volk Dies." The Record, 22 Sept. 2010, p.L-1, L-7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Volk. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle Politics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1877-08-05 Birthplace Little River Township, Wake County, North Carolina, USA Death Date 1962-08-15 Occupation Activist, African American Real Estate Agent Politician Source of File Attached "Hinton Elected In Englewood Primary." The New York Age, 24 Sept. 1914, p.5. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hinton, Charles Burture (1877-1962) Subject The topic of the resource Activism, African American Politics, Englewood Englewood New Jersey, Fourth Ward Description An account of the resource (c. 1876–1962) Charles B. Hinton was a pioneering civic leader, political organizer, and longtime public employee whose career made him a central figure in Englewood, New Jersey’s Black political history during the early twentieth century. In 1914, he became the first Black resident of Englewood to be elected to public office, winning election as a Republican county committeeman—a breakthrough that predated most Black electoral gains in northern New Jersey by decades. Born in Wake County, North Carolina, Hinton migrated north as part of the Great Migration and settled in Englewood, where he built a life rooted in work, politics, and community leadership. He spent nearly forty years employed at the Bergen County Courthouse in Hackensack, most visibly as an elevator operator. While the title understated the role, the position placed Hinton at the center of county government and allowed him to cultivate extensive relationships with judges, attorneys, party officials, and civic leaders. According to contemporary and retrospective reporting, Englewood’s Black population was first formally recorded in 1910. Just four years later, in 1914, Hinton achieved a political milestone when he was elected Republican county committeeman, becoming the first Black citizen of Englewood elected to any public office. His election came at a time when Black voters in Englewood overwhelmingly supported Republican candidates and often played a decisive role in closely contested races. The significance of Hinton’s victory was such that it was still being cited more than two decades later as a foundational moment in the city’s political development. Hinton’s position as county committeeman was not symbolic. He remained an active and influential figure within the Republican Party for many years, repeatedly winning re-election and defending his seat against challengers. Later newspaper coverage, particularly during the 1920s and 1930s, documents sustained efforts by white political opponents to unseat him—efforts that openly acknowledged both his long tenure and the loyalty of Black voters who continued to support him. These challenges underscore the durability of the political base he helped build following his initial 1914 election. Beyond electoral office, Hinton emerged as one of Bergen County’s most visible Black Republican leaders. He played a leading role in organizing Black voters and served as corresponding secretary and organizer for the Bergen County Colored Voters Association, coordinating meetings, conventions, and political education efforts throughout the county. Press accounts describe Black voters as a disciplined and increasingly influential bloc, and Hinton was consistently identified as one of the figures at the center of that transformation. During the Great Depression, Hinton’s civic role expanded beyond party politics. In 1931, Englewood Mayor Cornelius P. Kitchel appointed him to the city’s Committee to Aid the Unemployed, a broad, cross-racial relief body composed of business leaders, judges, clergy, educators, and social-service officials. The committee’s mission was to ensure that no resident of Englewood would go hungry or without shelter during the winter months, regardless of race, religion, or political affiliation. Hinton’s inclusion reflected his standing as a trusted representative of the city’s Black residents and as a bridge between marginalized communities and municipal power. Hinton was also a founder of the Englewood Urban League, helping establish one of the city’s most important institutions dedicated to employment access, housing advocacy, and social welfare. His work connected local conditions in Englewood to broader national efforts aimed at addressing racial discrimination in employment and public life. Like many Black public figures of his era, Hinton faced scrutiny. In the 1930s, he was called before a Bergen County grand jury on charges of inefficiency related to courthouse operations. He defended himself confidently, was cleared almost immediately, and the episode—widely reported in the press—ultimately reinforced his reputation for competence and composure under pressure. Hinton’s life was part of a remarkable family continuum that traced the arc of African American history across three generations. His wife, Elizabeth Sears Hinton, lived to the age of 104 and was a charter member and past president of the Nurses Club at Shiloh AME Zion Church in Englewood, a cornerstone of Black religious and civic life in the city. She was the daughter of Nancy Lee Sears, who had been born enslaved on the plantation of Confederate General Robert E. Lee in Virginia and later migrated north, spending her final decades in Englewood. Nancy Sears died at age 102, her life spanning slavery, emancipation, and the industrial North. Charles and Elizabeth Hinton’s son, Theodore H. Hinton, extended this legacy into the legal profession, becoming Englewood’s first Black city prosecutor, a Rutgers Law School graduate, and a mentor to generations of African American lawyers. Across three generations, the Hinton family moved from enslavement to elected office and professional leadership—an extraordinary transformation rooted in persistence, political organization, and community trust. Charles B. Hinton died in 1962 at the age of 86. He was remembered as a veteran county employee, founder of the Englewood Urban League, Depression-era civic leader, and—most enduringly—as the first Black resident of Englewood elected to public office in 1914. His life demonstrates how Black political power in the North often emerged not through spectacle, but through strategic participation, institutional endurance, and collective voter discipline. Charles B. Hinton was not a marginal figure in Englewood’s past; he was a foundational one, helping to redefine who could belong—and lead—in the city’s civic life. "Negro Leaders Attacks City's Negro Attitude." The Record, July 15, 1938. "Hinton Elected In Englewood Primary." The New York Age, 24 Sept. 1914, p.5. "Charles B. Hinton Funeral On Monday." The Record, 17 Aug. 1962, p.37. "Chas B Hinton in the New Jersey, U.S., State Census, 1915." Ancestry. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Colman, David Ludder, Rachelle African American Politics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1932-08-02 Birthplace New Jersey, USA Death Date 2017-09-01 Occupation Activist, Civil Rights Source of File Attached "The African Look." The Record, 3 Mar. 1963, p.4. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Farrar, Winifred Charlotte Goings (1932-2017) Subject The topic of the resource Activism, African American Activism, Civil Rights Description An account of the resource Winifred Charlotte Goings Farrar, known to all as “Winnie,” was born on August 2, 1932, in Orange, New Jersey, to Gertrude and Charles Goings. After her parents’ deaths, she was raised in Rutherford by her paternal grandparents, Mattie and Charles Brown, who instilled in her a deep sense of discipline, service, and responsibility to community. Winnie married her childhood sweetheart, Alfred Farrar, Sr., and together they made their home in Teaneck, New Jersey. Their family included three children—Helen Victoria “Vickie,” Alfred Jr. (“Rip”), and Charles Robert (“Charlie Brown”)—and Winnie also played a central role in raising her stepson, Douglas Raymond Farrar. Family remained the anchor of her life, shaping both her personal values and her public commitments. Celebrated affectionately as “the world’s greatest nurse,” Winnie devoted her professional life to caregiving and health equity. She began her career as a Licensed Practical Nurse and went on to make history as one of the first African American Family Nurse Practitioners in the United States, reflected in her remarkably early license number, #30. Winnie earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing and later a Master’s degree in Nursing, continuing her advanced training at Cornell University, where she obtained her Family Nurse Practitioner certification. Her work combined clinical excellence with compassion, particularly for underserved communities. Winnie’s commitment to justice extended far beyond her profession. She was deeply involved in the civil rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s, participating at both national and local levels. She was an active member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the National Urban League, and in Teaneck she played a leadership role in the Northeast Community Organization (NECO). Her organizing work helped strengthen grassroots networks and empower local residents to demand equity and representation. Politics was another arena where Winnie left a lasting mark. She served as a delegate for the presidential campaigns of Shirley Chisholm and Jesse Jackson, as well as for Kenneth Gibson’s campaign for governor of New Jersey. Known for her strategic insight and tireless organizing, Winnie helped reshape local and state political landscapes by mentoring candidates, mobilizing voters, and building coalitions. Her vision of justice was global as well as local. Winnie was an early supporter of the African National Congress and traveled to South Africa to support efforts to dismantle apartheid, reflecting her belief that struggles for freedom were interconnected across borders. She also helped found a group that established an orphanage in Zimbabwe, extending her lifelong ethic of care to the international stage. Winnie is survived by her children and grandchildren—Malcolm, Sydney, Alyssa, and Elijah—as well as her sisters June Goings and Hope Jackson, her brother Ronald Goings, and many nieces, nephews, relatives, and friends. She was predeceased by her sister Deborah Goings and her brother Charles Goings. Rooted in community, driven by justice, and guided by compassion, Winifred “Winnie” Farrar lived a life defined by service—always present, always engaged, and always committed to making the world more humane. "Fair Housing Unit Opens A New Door." The Record, 20 Jan. 1969, p. B-2. "Winifred Charlotte Farrar in the U.S., Obituary Collection, 1930-Current." Ancestry. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ludder, Rachelle Activism African American Civil Rights Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1924-05-18 Birthplace New York, New York, USA Death Date 2012-05-19 Occupation Activist, Civil Rights Politician Government Official Source of File Attached "Black Rage Vs. Apathy." The Record, 11 Jan. 1970, p.B-1, B-4. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lacey, Shirley (1924-2012) Subject The topic of the resource Politics, Englewood Englewood New Jersey, Fourth Ward Activism, African American Activism, Civil Rights Description An account of the resource Shirley M. Lacy was a civil rights strategist, Black feminist organizer, and public official whose work spanned grassroots protest, policy reform, and electoral politics in New Jersey for more than four decades. Based in Englewood, she became a central figure in northern civil-rights struggles that challenged segregation, economic exclusion, and political marginalization beyond the South. Lacy first emerged in public life during the early 1960s as a leader within the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). As a regional representative and spokesperson, she helped organize sustained demonstrations against racially exclusionary policies at private recreational facilities throughout Bergen County. CORE actions she led or coordinated targeted segregated swim clubs in places such as Fair Lawn, Old Tappan, and Maywood, combining picketing, negotiations, and the threat of civil disobedience to expose discriminatory practices that were often defended as “private” or informal. Lacy made clear that these campaigns were not about punishment, but public accountability—designed to force communities to confront racial barriers operating in plain sight. Her CORE leadership brought her into direct confrontation with state officials. In correspondence with Governor Richard J. Hughes, Lacy challenged claims that New Jersey was a national model for civil rights, pressing the administration on housing discrimination, rent control, migrant farmworker protections, employment access, and the exclusion of Black and Puerto Rican residents from policymaking positions. Her advocacy reflected a broader critique of liberal governance that emphasized symbolic progress while resisting structural change. Alongside protest work, Lacy built a parallel career in policy development and political education. She held senior positions with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, serving as national director of education and training and later as a technical assistance and leadership-training director with the Scholarship, Education, and Defense Fund for Racial Equality (SEDFRE). In these roles, she designed leadership programs, developed community-based projects, and worked to secure federal resources for minority communities. The organization became one of the major vehicles for training Black leadership and developing community projects nationwide, helping prepare individuals for public office, school boards, and civic leadership roles. During the late 1960s, Lacy articulated a clear and nuanced position on integration, community, and self-determination. While she had spent years fighting for the right of Black families to live wherever they chose, she also emphasized the importance of that right as a matter of genuine choice. Having grown up in Harlem and later moved from the slums of Brooklyn, she chose to live in an all-Black neighborhood in Englewood, describing it as a well-tended and attractive community. For Lacy, the central achievement of the civil-rights movement was not simply the breakdown of barriers, but the expansion of freedom—the ability of Black Americans to decide where to live and how to define their communities on their own terms. At the same time, she stressed that building leadership within Black communities was essential to sustaining long-term progress. Through her work with SEDFRE, she helped train individuals for roles in public service, civic organizations, and elected office. These efforts contributed to the emergence of a new generation of Black leadership at the local and state levels. Lacy maintained that strengthening Black communities did not exclude others, emphasizing that the gains achieved through civil-rights organizing ultimately benefited poor people across racial lines. Her outlook also reflected the broader cultural transformations of the era. Lacy embraced the growing expression of Black pride, viewing developments such as the adoption of natural Afro hairstyles and the rise of the “Black is Beautiful” movement as important affirmations of identity and dignity. Rejecting long-standing pressures to conform to white cultural standards, she saw these changes as evidence of increasing confidence and self-definition within Black communities. Ultimately, she underscored that the most important outcome of these shifts was the freedom to choose—whether in matters of identity, community, or opportunity. Looking ahead during this period, Lacy emphasized unity and empowerment within the Black community. She spoke frequently about the importance of collective action and leadership development, noting that poor people—Black and white—stood to benefit from the social and political advancements achieved through organized activism. Her work consistently reflected a belief that political education and civic participation were essential tools for securing long-term equality. Lacy was also a key figure in Black women’s political organizing. Active in the National Women’s Political Caucus, she became a leading voice within its Black caucus and a thoughtful critic of feminist movements that failed to confront race and class inequality. She argued that Black women were often forced to “wear two hats at the same time,” navigating racism and sexism while being marginalized within movements that claimed to speak for equality. Her commitment to collective Black women’s leadership was evident in her work with United Black Women in Bergen County, where she helped organize conferences and public discussions addressing housing, employment, family law, education, and domestic violence—issues often overlooked in mainstream political discourse. This political vision guided her involvement in the 1972 presidential campaign of Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to seek the Democratic nomination for president. Lacy served as a Bergen County organizer and coordinator, helping recruit delegates, assemble local slates, and mobilize Black voters, women, and young people across New Jersey. She openly acknowledged the steep odds facing Chisholm’s campaign but insisted that its deeper significance lay in challenging entrenched political structures and creating pathways for future leadership. By the late 1960s and 1970s, Lacy increasingly translated movement work into governance. She served as a legislative aide to Byron Baer, became a leading figure in the Englewood Democratic Club and Bergen County Democratic Organization, and was appointed to the Englewood City Council, representing the Fourth Ward. She later served as Council President in 1985 and 1986, bringing a civil-rights and community-development lens to municipal decision-making. Throughout her tenure in local government, Lacy was known for her willingness to confront economic exploitation and racial targeting. At a 1992 council hearing, she forcefully opposed the proposed expansion of a Hackensack adult novelty business into her Fourth Ward, accusing the owner of deliberately targeting Englewood’s Black population. More broadly, she consistently pressured developers and contractors working in Englewood to hire minority workers, framing economic inclusion as an essential component of civil rights. At the state level, Lacy served on advisory and oversight bodies focused on employment equity, including a special council monitoring affirmative-action compliance in major public construction projects such as the Meadowlands sports complex. In this role, she helped ensure that minority workers and contractors were not excluded from large-scale public investment. Lacy also sought countywide office, running for the Bergen County Board of Freeholders on a platform emphasizing government transparency, equitable public spending, housing access, healthcare, and economic development. Though she did not win county office, her campaigns reflected a consistent belief that civil rights required sustained engagement with political institutions, not protest alone. Shirley Lacy was married to Reginald Lewis Lacy, who died in 1969. She was the mother of two daughters, Deirdre Gaskin of Englewood and Celeste Lacy Davis of Brooklyn, and a grandmother and great-grandmother. She remained a respected civic voice in Englewood until her death in 2012. Across every phase of her life, Shirley M. Lacy worked to bridge community struggle and public power. Whether challenging segregation at the gates of private clubs, organizing for a historic presidential campaign, training future leaders, or shaping policy from the council dais, she insisted that democracy be judged by its outcomes for those most often excluded. Her legacy stands as a testament to the depth of northern civil-rights activism and to the central role Black women played in redefining political power at the local, state, and national levels. "Planning at the Community Level." The Record, May 21, 1969. "Volunteers Are Enlisted to Press Renewal Plans." The Record, June 6, 1967. "Mrs. Lacy Seeks Bergen Nomination." The Record, March 6, 1974. "Talks Secret on Pool Peace." The Record, July 12, 1963 Kuhn, John H. "Shirley Lacy to join council in Englewood." The Record, 27 Jan. 1977, p.C-3. Levin, Jay. "Civil rights stalwart Shirley Lacy dies at 88." The Record, 23 May 2012, p.L-1, L-4. "Shirley Mozelle Lorick Lacy in the New Jersey, U.S., Death Index, 1848-1878, 1901-2017." Ancestry. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ludder, Rachelle Colman, David Activism African American Civil Rights Education Politics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource People People An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. Birth Date 1922-02-26? Birthplace Santiago De Cuba, Cuba Death Date 2013-05-06? Occupation Business Owner Source of File Attached McAleavy, Teresa M. and Jennifer Caballero. "Dads believe fatherhood helps them at work, survey finds." The Record, 20 June 2004, p.B-1,B-2. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pavon, Armando (1922-2013) Subject The topic of the resource Businesses, Local Businesses, Latinx Immigrants, Latinx Description An account of the resource Armando Pavon owned the Santa Barbara Grocery Store with his brother. He married Noewm Fernandez in 1955. He remarried Luz Amparo Sanchez in 1980. He had five children. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Rosenhause, Sharon. "Latins Find Bergen Life Modest At First." The Record, 17 Aug. 1970, p.A-1,A-4. McAleavy, Teresa M. and Jennifer Caballero. "Dads believe fatherhood helps them at work, survey finds." The Record, 20 June 2004, p.B-1,B-2. "Armando Raul Ravon in Odio-Scrofani Family Tree." Ancestry. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ludder, Rachelle Businesses