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                <text>Earhart, Amelia</text>
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                <text>National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.</text>
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                <text>March 1937</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Englewood residents had more than one opportunity to connect with one of the most celebrated aviators of the twentieth century, &lt;span class="hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline"&gt;&lt;span class="whitespace-normal"&gt;Amelia Earhart&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Her appearances in connection with local civic and women’s organizations—and later her public lecture at Englewood Junior High School—brought national attention to the community and reflected the growing excitement surrounding aviation during the early twentieth century.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As early as 1930, members of the Englewood Zonta Club participated in regional events honoring Earhart, who was herself associated with the Zonta organization. A reception in her honor was held at the Homemaker Center in Grand Central Palace in New York City, where representatives from Englewood’s Zonta Club joined other members from across the region. These early connections demonstrate that Englewood women were part of broader professional and civic networks that supported women’s advancement, aviation, and international cooperation. The involvement of Englewood Zontians helped establish a local relationship with Earhart even before her later visit to the city.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several years later, in January 1936, Earhart made a widely publicized appearance in Englewood itself, delivering a lecture at Englewood Junior High School titled &lt;strong&gt;“Adventures in Flying.”&lt;/strong&gt; Sponsored by the Thursday Supper Club and the Wednesday Luncheon Club of the First Presbyterian Church of Englewood, the event drew large crowds and generated excitement throughout the community. Proceeds from the lecture were directed toward charitable work, reflecting the longstanding tradition of civic organizations using public events to support community needs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During her lecture, Earhart shared stories from her pioneering aviation career, describing her early fascination with flight and her determination to master the skies. By the time of her Englewood appearance, she had already achieved worldwide recognition as the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean and as a leader in the growing field of aviation. She spoke not only about flying, but also about ambition and perseverance, urging women and girls to pursue goals beyond routine expectations and to embrace new opportunities in science, technology, and exploration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Her message resonated strongly with audiences, particularly young women, whom she encouraged to become “air-minded”—a phrase she used to describe a forward-looking attitude shaped by curiosity, innovation, and courage. Earhart acknowledged the risks of aviation but emphasized that progress required confidence and determination. Her words reflected the optimism of the era, when aviation symbolized modernity, independence, and the promise of the future.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Together, these connections—from early civic recognition to her public lecture in Englewood—demonstrate how the city participated in the national enthusiasm surrounding aviation and women’s leadership during the early twentieth century. Earhart’s presence, whether through civic association or in-person lecture, left a lasting impression on the community and stands as a reminder that global figures and groundbreaking ideas often intersected with everyday life in Englewood.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;“&lt;a href="https://myebc.church/pastor"&gt;Pastor Preston E. Thompson Jr.&lt;/a&gt;.” &lt;i&gt;MyEBC.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>"Ebenezer to set cornerstone." &lt;em&gt;The Record,&lt;/em&gt; 2 May 1972, p.3.</text>
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                <text>"Looking Ahead." &lt;em&gt;The Record&lt;/em&gt;, 11 May 2004, p.L-4.</text>
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                <text>The Ebenezer Baptist Church began in 1913 under Reverand Samuel Lightfoot. Reverand W. B. Booker was his successor. Reverand Clarence E. Richardson was the church's third pastor and a new church building was constructed on Fourth Street beginning in 1972. The other three pastors of the church were Reverand William Holt Hargrave, Reverand William Marcus Small, and Reverand Jovan T. Davis.</text>
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                <text>Thomas Eboli (1911–1972) was a prominent American mobster and a leading figure in the Genovese crime family, one of New York City’s most powerful Mafia organizations. Born in New York City to Italian immigrant parents, Eboli rose through the ranks of organized crime during the mid-20th century, developing close ties to Genovese bosses Vito Genovese and later Carlo Gambino. Known for his influence in labor racketeering, gambling, and loansharking, Eboli became a key intermediary between New York crime families and organized crime interests in other U.S. cities. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, Eboli was widely regarded as the acting boss or a top power broker within the Genovese family. His position, however, became precarious after he reportedly mishandled a large sum of Mafia money intended to finance a major drug deal. On July 16, 1972, Thomas Eboli was assassinated in Brooklyn, shot to death in his car, an execution commonly interpreted as a sanctioned Mafia hit. His murder marked a decisive shift in Genovese leadership and underscored the rigid accountability and internal discipline that defined organized crime at the time. Eboli was a long time resident of Englewood Cliffs. In 1964, thieves broke into the Englewood Cliffs home of Thomas Eboli while he and his family were away, making off with valuables worth more than $13,000. The intruders entered the split-level house on Forest Drive by removing a peephole from a rear door and unlocking it from the inside. Police said the burglary appeared carefully planned and described it as a professional job. Jewelry, furs, and clothing were taken, though authorities declined to release a detailed inventory. Eboli discovered the break-in upon returning home and reported it to police the following day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eboli was a member of the Englewood Golf Club and regularly hosted members of the New York crime families at the club.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;“&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Echols"&gt;Joe Echols&lt;/a&gt;.” &lt;i&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/i&gt;, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 Aug. 2024.&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>“&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Echols"&gt;Joe Echols&lt;/a&gt;.” &lt;i&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/i&gt;, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 Aug. 2024.</text>
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                <text>"Services planned for Joe Echols, 60." &lt;em&gt;The Record&lt;/em&gt;, 7 Apr. 1977, p. C-8.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://njsportsheroes.com/joeecholsfb.html" title="Echols and Lombardi"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Joseph G. Echols&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (March 23, 1917 – March 28, 1977) was an American football coach, college athletics administrator, and Negro league baseball player whose life bridged segregated sports worlds—from high school athletics in northern New Jersey, to Negro league baseball, to historically Black colleges and universities, and ultimately to the National Football League. Raised in &lt;strong&gt;Englewood, New Jersey&lt;/strong&gt;, Echols played a quiet but consequential role in shaping conversations about race, opportunity, and leadership in American sports, including through his long-standing friendship with &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline"&gt;&lt;span class="whitespace-normal"&gt;Vince Lombardi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Early life in Englewood&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Echols grew up in Englewood’s &lt;strong&gt;Fourth Ward&lt;/strong&gt;, a historically Black neighborhood that anchored much of the city’s Black civic, religious, and cultural life. He attended &lt;strong&gt;St. Cecilia High School&lt;/strong&gt;, a Catholic institution where he distinguished himself as a &lt;strong&gt;multi-sport standout&lt;/strong&gt;, excelling in football and track at a time when Black athletes were often treated as exceptions rather than equals. Contemporary newspaper accounts regularly highlighted Echols’s athletic brilliance while implicitly revealing the racial barriers he navigated in elite athletic settings.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Englewood in the 1930s was a formative environment for Echols: racially stratified, yet marked by strong Black institutions and interlocking community networks. It was also the city where Echols’s path would intersect with that of a young coach just beginning his career—Vince Lombardi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Baseball and the Negro leagues&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1939, Echols played professional baseball for the &lt;strong&gt;Newark Eagles&lt;/strong&gt; of the Negro National League, placing him within one of the most important cultural and sporting institutions in Black America. His time with the Eagles connected him to a national network of Black athletes whose talents were barred from Major League Baseball but celebrated within Black communities. Though brief, Echols’s Negro league experience underscored both his athletic versatility and the structural limits imposed on Black players of his generation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Coaching and collegiate leadership&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After his playing days, Echols turned to coaching and education. He served as &lt;strong&gt;head football coach at Morehouse College&lt;/strong&gt; in Atlanta from 1950 to 1954, compiling a record of 16–22–2 while leading the program during a period of institutional transition. In 1955, he became head coach at &lt;strong&gt;Norfolk State University&lt;/strong&gt;, where his impact was more pronounced. From 1955 to 1960, Echols led Norfolk State to a 28–19–1 record, including conference championships and first-place finishes, and helped elevate the school’s athletic profile.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Echols later served as athletic director at Norfolk State, where he was widely respected as an educator, mentor, and administrator. In recognition of his lasting contributions, the university named its basketball arena &lt;strong&gt;Joseph G. Echols Memorial Hall&lt;/strong&gt; in his honor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Vince Lombardi and a formative friendship&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Echols’s relationship with Vince Lombardi began in &lt;strong&gt;Englewood&lt;/strong&gt;, rooted in their shared connection to St. Cecilia and sustained through years of professional divergence. While Lombardi went on to the NFL, Echols built his career largely within Black collegiate athletics. Their friendship, however, endured—and mattered.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For Lombardi, Echols provided early, personal exposure to the realities facing Black athletes and coaches navigating segregated systems. This relationship, forged in Englewood’s integrated but unequal social landscape, helped ground Lombardi’s later insistence on racial equality in professional football. Decades later, when Lombardi became head coach and executive of Washington’s NFL franchise, he brought Echols into the league as a &lt;strong&gt;scout&lt;/strong&gt;, making him one of the few Black men working in NFL scouting at the time. The move reflected not tokenism but trust—built on shared history, mutual respect, and Echols’s proven expertise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Death and legacy&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Joseph G. Echols died on March 28, 1977, at the age of 60. His memorial mass was held at &lt;strong&gt;St. Cecilia R.C. Church in Englewood&lt;/strong&gt;, symbolically returning him to the institution that launched his public life. Tributes emphasized his roles as coach, administrator, mentor, and pioneer—someone who quietly expanded opportunity for others while navigating systems that rarely offered him the spotlight.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Significance&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Echols’s legacy lies not only in wins and titles, but in &lt;strong&gt;bridging worlds&lt;/strong&gt;: between Black and white institutions, between segregated and integrated sports, and between local community life and national professional leagues. His life helps reframe the story of American football integration by centering the influence of Black educators and coaches whose relationships—particularly with figures like Vince Lombardi—shaped the moral and professional standards of the modern game.&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ione Scholl Eckerson&lt;/strong&gt; devoted 46 years to teaching in Englewood’s public schools, becoming one of the community’s most respected educators. A 1917 graduate of Englewood High School and a 1922 graduate of Smith College, she began teaching in the city school system shortly after completing her college education. Over the course of her career, she served as chair of the social studies department and worked for 21 years as a guidance counselor before retiring in 1968.¹&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Eckerson played an important role in broadening the school curriculum. She introduced a Far East survey course and was deeply involved with the China Institute movement, later serving as president of the China Institute of New Jersey. Her students remembered her not only for academic rigor but also for the encouragement she gave them to think globally and act responsibly as citizens. Former astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr., one of her students, later wrote to her expressing gratitude for the foundation she had helped him develop.¹&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Her commitment to civic life extended far beyond the classroom. In 1956 she became the first recipient of Englewood’s Outstanding Citizen award, sponsored by B’nai B’rith Lodge 2009 and numerous other local organizations. The award recognized her decades of welfare service, teaching of democratic principles, and dedication to fostering understanding within the community.²&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Eckerson was active in numerous civic and educational organizations, including the Urban League, the League of Women Voters, the American Association for the United Nations, and the Englewood Teachers’ Association, of which she was a former president. She also served as a Girl Scout leader, participated in hospital and Red Cross drives, and was a member of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church.¹ ²&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In May 1970 she was honored with an education award from the Bergen County Council of Negro Women, reflecting her longstanding commitment to education and racial understanding.¹ Her life and career demonstrate how sustained dedication to teaching and community service can leave a lasting mark on a city’s civic culture.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“Ione S. Eckerson, Teacher 46 Years,” &lt;em&gt;The Record&lt;/em&gt; (Hackensack, NJ), August 15, 1971.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;“Judges Select Mrs. Eckerson As City’s Outstanding Citizen,” &lt;em&gt;The Record&lt;/em&gt; (Hackensack, NJ), February 23, 1956.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Edgewater Crèche Convalescence, Protestant Reform, and Race on the Palisades Founded in 1884 by Charles J. Kellogg, first general secretary of the New York Charity Organization Society, the Edgewater Crèche began as a summer refuge for mothers and infants from New York’s tenement districts. Originally associated with late-19th-century urban reform efforts and briefly known as the “Bartholdi Crèche,” the institution reflected Progressive-era faith in environment and discipline: fresh air, supervised diet, rest, and moral order could restore fragile city children to health. By 1912, after relocating permanently to the west slope of the Palisades in Englewood, the Crèche transitioned from seasonal outings to a year-round convalescent home for children under three-and-a-half years of age. Over the decades it expanded into a medically structured, professionally staffed institution with a 50-bed capacity and a training school for nurse aides. Annual reports documented thousands of days of care, with average stays often approaching two months — evidence of a highly organized and data-conscious operation rather than a small charitable nursery. A Medicalized Haven Newspaper accounts describe infants arriving pale and undernourished from crowded urban neighborhoods and leaving strengthened by milk, rest, nursing supervision, and the open air of Bergen County. By the early 1940s: 275 children were admitted in a single year More than 11,000 days of care were administered Later reports recorded over 6,000 days of annual convalescent care The Crèche was part of the larger New York Protestant Episcopal City Mission Society, placing it within a metropolitan network that included shelters, chaplaincies, youth programs, and other convalescent homes. Its presidents and trustees were drawn from elite Episcopal and financial circles — including prominent bankers such as Kelley Graham and Irving Bonbright, and clergy such as Rev. Dr. Caleb R. Stetson. Thus, the Edgewater Crèche was not merely local. It was a suburban extension of New York’s Protestant philanthropic establishment — bridging urban poverty and suburban relief. Race and Inclusion Race complicates the story — and the record evolves over time. Early reporting described the Crèche as serving “little unfortunate children of the city” without specifying race. In the early 20th century, newspapers typically identified institutions serving Black children explicitly. The absence of such language in early white press coverage suggests that the initial clientele was likely predominantly white, largely from immigrant tenement families. However, by World War I the picture changes. A 1917 article in The Washington Bee, an African American newspaper, references the Edgewater Crèche in a context indicating that Black babies were among those receiving care. Because Black newspapers routinely noted whether institutions admitted “colored” children, this reference strongly suggests that by 1917 the Edgewater Crèche was open to Black infants. This is significant. Many northern institutions of the period operated under patterns of de facto segregation. That the Crèche was serving Black children by the World War I era places it among a smaller group of reform institutions that crossed racial lines in infant care. At the same time, racial language was used elsewhere within the same Mission Society network — including references to a “school for pre-delinquent colored boys” in another facility. That distinction reveals that race was explicitly categorized within the broader system, even if the Crèche itself was not consistently described in racialized terms in mainstream coverage. The result is a nuanced picture: Likely predominantly white in its earliest years Admitting Black infants by at least 1917 Operating within a northern system shaped by de facto racial boundaries Englewood Context Geographically, the Crèche sat on the affluent Palisades slope, physically removed from Englewood’s Fourth Ward (Little Texas), where most of the city’s Black residents lived during the 20th century. Whether Black children from Englewood itself were routinely admitted is less clearly documented than admissions from New York and New Jersey metropolitan areas. Yet by the 1940s and 1950s the Crèche was woven into Englewood’s civic life. Girl Scouts prepared holiday gifts for children there. Local organizations participated in fundraising efforts. The institution appeared regularly in local press. By the 1960s, suburban development pressures and school board interest in the property signaled another shift — from reform refuge to valuable suburban landholding. What the Edgewater Crèche Represents Across eight decades, the Edgewater Crèche embodied several overlapping histories: Progressive-era environmental medicine Faith-based social welfare Metropolitan Protestant philanthropy The professionalization of pediatric convalescent care Northern patterns of race and gradual institutional inclusion It was a place where fragile children — white immigrant, American-born, and by World War I at least some Black infants — were brought from urban hardship to suburban air and structured care. But it was also an institution shaped by the racial norms of its time. Its inclusion of Black babies by 1917 is notable, yet it operated within a metropolitan society marked by housing segregation and institutional stratification. Like much of northern reform history, its racial story is found partly in documentation — and partly in silence. Synthesis The Edgewater Crèche was not simply a charitable nursery on the Palisades. It was a sustained experiment in metropolitan child welfare — linking Wall Street philanthropy, Episcopal leadership, suburban landscape, and urban poverty. It healed infants. It trained nurses. It published measurable outcomes. It crossed racial lines earlier than many institutions — but within a segregated society. And for generations, it stood quietly overlooking the Hudson, a bridge between city and suburb, poverty and privilege, illness and recovery. </text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="370">
                  <text>People</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="12">
      <name>People</name>
      <description>An individual. Metadata for a person provides detailed biographical information to describe the life of a historical figure. </description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="31">
          <name>Birth Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7286">
              <text>1940?</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="33">
          <name>Death Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7287">
              <text>2001-02-08</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="34">
          <name>Occupation</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7288">
              <text>Chef</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="59">
          <name>Source of File Attached</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="7289">
              <text>"Fred D. Ellis Jr." &lt;em&gt;The Record&lt;/em&gt;, 11 Feb. 2001, p. NJ-7.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7263">
                <text>Ellis, Fred (1931?-2001)</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7264">
                <text>"Fred D. Ellis Jr." &lt;em&gt;The Record&lt;/em&gt;, 11 Feb. 2001, p. NJ-7.</text>
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                <text>"Ellis." &lt;em&gt;The Record&lt;/em&gt;, 12 Feb. 2001, p. L-4.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Businesses, Local</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7282">
                <text>Fred D. Ellis Jr. worked for Unie's Oval Bar on Forest Ave near Dean Street in Englewood. He worked at Unie's for thirty-five years. He was the head chef and mixologist. He was also a member of Shiloh Masonic Lodge 53. He retired in 1997. He had six children, Kevin M., Robert Drakeford, Jave Butler, Rosalyn Davis, Janine, and Cherelle Hardy.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7284">
                <text>Colman, David</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="7285">
                <text>Ludder, Rachelle</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
